Tamil Nadu failing at animal birth control

An internal dossier of the Oulgaret Municipality in Puducherry documented an event in late 2025. Fifty emaciated dogs were released from an Animal Birth Control (ABC) centre there. The animals had been starved for a month and 20 dog deaths were recorded. There were also 50 complaints against the veterinarian. The ABC centre was run by the Hyderabad-based Vet Society for Animal Welfare and Rural Development. “Just before the inspection, the animals were released hastily,” says G. Ashok Raj, activist and honorary member of the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI).

“The animals came out skin and bones; many had sutures falling apart. Community dog feeders saw some dogs dropping dead. We suspect they were starved for days,” he said.

In July, the Supreme Court dismissed petitions seeking prevention of animal cruelty at ABC centres in local bodies where sterilisation of community dogs is outsourced to contractors. It also upheld its earlier order allowing organisations that do not have Project Recognition Certificates (PRCs) from the AWBI to perform sterilisation.

On July 23, community dogs were found alive with loose sutures and no post-operative care at an ABC shelter in Velankanni in Nagapattinam district. Activist V. Dhanasekaran said dog carcasses were found in the garbage, and they had bloody sutures and wires and ropes (banned in the dog-catching process under the ABC Rules) around their necks. The District Animal Welfare Officer’s report said 70 dogs — 64 males and six females — had been sterilised in three days by two veterinarians with the Chennai-based Pet Care Foundation. The organisation was blacklisted, the town panchayat executive officer told The Hindu.

An in-depth investigation by The Hindu across the State reveals this is not merely a case of a few NGOs taking advantage of the system.

Local bodies handle ABC by outsourcing the process. The allocation is ₹1,650 per dog, including ₹450 for sterilisation and vaccination and ₹200 for catching and release. Effectively, local bodies incentivise projected numbers in ABC, not actual outcomes, activists say, adding that this has reduced the ABC process into an assembly-line work on a massive scale. Dog-catchers, since they are paid per catch, reportedly try to boost numbers and pick up “unfit” dogs too — pups, lactating dogs, sterilised dogs, and pregnant ones.

On September 2, a female dog was found with its intestines spilling out, fighting for life, at Mannargudi in Tiruvarur district, after being sterilised at the ABC centre there. “If it was not found on time, the dog would have died,” says a veterinarian.

“Evisceration happens when skin and muscle open up and abdominal organs come out, primarily because the surgical sutures have fallen apart. This is mostly seen in females,” explains a senior surgeon trained by Worldwide Veterinary Services.

“Evisceration and hernia are surgical complications arising from improper suturing techniques, entirely the surgeon’s fault. In suturing, we call it a bite; the distance between two bites should be less than half-a-centimetre. This process naturally takes more time. ABC centres do not follow this; instead they push young veterinarians to do more surgeries. Skin sutures may open in case the animal is hyperactive,” the surgeon says.

Pain management is also given short shrift at these centres. A multi-modal analgesic can provide relief to the animal after surgery. However, many ABC centres skip this to cut cost, the surgeon further says. In pain, the dog licks the sutures, thus opening them up. Surgical site infections are also caused by reuse of leftover suture material, the surgeon points out.

Speed is again a criterion in male sterilisations. “There are two kinds: on-scrotal and pre-scrotal. The on-scrotal technique leaves gaps between sutures for fluid drain, and therefore is not recommended for shelter dogs (or owner dogs, for that matter) because it increases the chances of catching infections from unhygienic floors,” says another veterinarian trained by the Worldwide Veterinary Services, who worked with an NGO at an ABC centre. He says he had to quit because the NGO had insisted that he perform more on-scrotal procedures.

The ABC Rules, 2023, mandate humane capture of community dogs with nets; feeder outreach before capture; geotagging of capture and release at same location; CCTVs in the operation theatre; pre- and post-operative care; clean and spacious kennels; food twice a day; and water at all times. They call for establishing organ inspection committees to count the number of organs for billing claims and also advises the immediate destruction of the organs through deep burial or incineration.

On April 20, 2026, Vatsala of Tiruppur noticed a six-year-old community dog missing. He had been neutered four years ago, his ear notched as a mark of sterilisation. Vatsala suspected the hand of Pranimitran, the NGO hired by the Tiruppur Corporation for its ABC project, and went to the centre to check. “At the centre, I saw the dog lying on the floor seemingly lifeless. I thought he was dead. I confronted the founder at the centre and asked him why they had taken a sterilised dog. He claimed that the dog needed vaccination, but he had no explanation for the dog having been anaesthetised for a vaccine shot.” An FIR was later filed against the NGO over the death of two pups in Tiruppur.

Pranimitran’s contract had been terminated by the Hosur Corporation following complaints of animal mutilation, botched surgeries, and non-disclosure. The NGO was blacklisted by the AWBI for the same reasons, said an official of the Board. However, the Tiruppur Corporation brought the NGO on board. A Tiruppur Corporation official says, “There are many complaints against Pranimitran, but we haven’t found a contractor to replace it.”

Only six organisations have the recognition for carrying out ABC procedures in the State, but there are about 15 ‘NGO-contractors’ operating in this space now. “Even the AWBI is aware of this. The gap between ABC and birth rate should be met,” says P. Chokkalingam, Member, State Monitoring Committee for the ABC programme and Chief Executive Officer, Tamil Nadu Animal Welfare Board (TNAWB).

Two other blacklisted NGOs — Jeeva Karunyam of Nagercoil and Rajeshwari Goshala of Tirunelveli — continue to work for the respective local bodies. At Avadi in Chennai, two FIRs were filed against International Peace Trust.

TNAWB-run centres in semi-rural areas are worse, says the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) coordinator and anti-cruelty officer, V. Balakrishnan. At T. Nalligoundenpalayam in Pollachi, the post-operative care unit is 2 km away from the surgery centre. “Last week, a female dog died of evisceration after surgery by a veterinarian of the Animal Husbandry Department,” he claims.

To understand the math, The Hindu calculated the cost of care of a dog (see graphic) for an ABC centre. Factoring in economies of scale, an ABC centre can make a profit of ₹66,000 even while adhering to ethical standards of care.