Can merchants pass UPI charges to buyers? Key questions on MDR, its implementation answered

The announcement of a 0.4% Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) on UPI payments above ₹2,000 made to merchants has raised several questions on how the charges will work, who will bear them and can these be shifted on to consumers in any way.

The NPCI said that UPI processes billions of transactions every month.The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) on Tuesday issued a clarification on the MDR – from ₹2,000 threshold">the ₹2,000 threshold for merchant payments and fee caps.

It further addressed queries on fuel purchases, utility bills, platform fees and person-to-person transactions. On the introduction of 0.4% MDR above transactions of ₹2,000, the NPCI said that UPI processes billions of transactions every month.

“The MDR is distributed only amongst the UPI ecosystem, to further invest into infrastructure resiliency, innovation, cybersecurity (protecting the UPI Infrastructure with banks and non-banks) and customer service,” the NPCI stated.

Also Read | What is Merchant Discount Rate and how MDR will be calculated after revised UPI charges However, it said the annual government incentive/ subsidy for UPI was designed as a “short-term bridge funding” rather than a permanent measure to compensate the cost incurred by the payment industry.

According to industry estimates, maintaining UPI payment operations, server bandwidth, fraud prevention systems, and bank technical support costs around ~ ₹20,000 crore annually. Relying solely on fiscal budget allocations creates funding uncertainty and limits long-term technology investments by banks and fintech, NPCI said.

The finalised MDR framework and threshold structure will take effect from October 15, 2026, giving acquiring banks, payment aggregators, fintech applications, and corporate accounting platforms adequate lead time to update their software engines and billing systems.

While the charges are now being applied to merchants, there have been concerns about these being passed on the buyers. However, the NPCI clarified that merchants on-boarded cannot pass on MDR charges to customers while accepting payments through UPI.

It said the framework ensures that consumers pay “only the posted price.” The charging of MDR will follow a clear, predictable formula based on transaction value thresholds. For example, for a purchase of ₹3,000, applying the 0.4% rate results in an MDR fee of ₹12 paid by the merchant to its acquiring bank.

Similarly, for a ₹50,000 purchase, a 0.4% fee equals ₹200. However, for a a high-value purchase of ₹1,00,000, the 0.4% calculation (which equals ₹400) is superseded by the fixed maximum cap of ₹300 ( ₹300 is the fixed maximum cap per transaction for payments of ₹75,000 and above.

Any transaction under ₹2,000 incurs no MDR. UPI MDR is structured to be much lower than all traditional card-based transaction fees, according to NPCI. Standard credit card MDRs typically range from 1.5% to 2.5% per transaction, while debit card MDRs are capped up to 0.90%.

However UPI MDR sets the baseline at 0.4% on transaction above ₹ 2,000 and caps it at ₹300 for high-value purchases. The cost difference will help merchants lower their payment processing expenses while accepting digital transactions, NPCI said.

The final decision on the operational parameters, fee distribution models, and category caps is made by the UPI and Services Steering Committee, headed by NPCI. P2P transactions will continue to be free-of-cost for both the payer and the beneficiary, and there will be no charges for any person transferring or receiving any amount to or from any other person using UPI.

Further, UPI app providers cannot charge Platform Fee or any other charge for any payment made through UPI. Small merchants operating under the P2PM framework will continue with zero MDR, NPCI said. R. These are small vendors receiving up to ₹1 lac per month through UPI QR directly into their accounts.